lesson encourages her to satisfy him in return. Its plot is derived from the popular 'war of the sexes' theme in which males and females are pitted against one another for dominance in marriage. Sign up to our emails and be the first to know about new releases, special offers and more. Provide examples of comedic devices being used to show the ways that comedy impacts the events of the play and the interactions between the characters. Once Petruchio has married Katherina, he regards her as his goods and suggests he can do as he wishes with her. Is Katherina actually wilful and if so, does she have reason to be? The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeares most underrated plays, but it is also one of his funniest. creating and saving your own notes as you read. In The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare uses this technique to great effect, creating a play that is both funny and touching. Do the characters tend to conform to the societal norms? Battle of the Sexes would have been another appropriate title for this play because the entire play is women verses men, men verses women. Shakespeares comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Kiss Me Kate, The Taming of the Shrew and Ten Things I Hate About You, Shakespeares Identity In The Taming Of The Shrew, Why Should Prisoners Be Allowed To Vote Essay, A Comparison of Macbeth and Crime and Punishment, Osmosis Jones Human Body System Analogies Answer Key. Bianca is her younger sister and During the play Cyrano de Bergerac there are often very deep and depressing moments and to pick the audience up Edmund Rostand used humor. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. In conclusion, The Taming of the Shrew is a play that is full of humor and insight into the human condition. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A pun is a play on words used to suggest the different meanings of alike or similar words. As you complete the reading of The Taming of the Shrew, reflect on how comedic situations impact the plot development. Though the research wasnt compiled then, Shakespeare fundamentally understood what makes people laugh. Equally, she later goes on to say to all the women there that they should support their husbands after painful labour during the day, even though the men they are married to are not labourers, making the speech hard to take at face value. Is there anything you notice about how Katherina speaks? March 4, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 the fact that she finds them truly appealing, symbolizes yet again In The Taming of the Shrew, the most significant humorous moment comes from the dialogue between Katharina and Petruchio, Comedic Devices Used In Taming Of The Shrew, I believe that the Taming of the Shrew uses comedic devices to develop the plot. This may also be seen in Petruchios pretend personality, which he adopts in his effort to dominate Kate. This one-page summary of key characters and themes in Shakespeare's 'The Taming Of The Shrew' offers an engaging and bare bones start to your unit! 0 You can learn about this Tony Award-winning theatre, our plays, and so much more by visiting our, Utah Shakespeare Festival 2023 www.bard.org, Other Literary Devices Used in The Taming of the Shrew. Students will be encouraged to think deeply and write about themes and character de, This bundle includes everything you need to teach Taming of the Shrew to upper high school students, and 10 Things I Hate About You too! It has been criticised for its elements of misogyny that have caused controversy; distracting many from its comedic nature. The Taming of the Shrew is a must-see for any theater lover. Easy to use and easy to grade. WebThe Taming of the Shrew study guide contains a biography of William Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. He uses opposites in order to confuse Katherinas thinking and make her question everything he says. A bizarre wedding dance is the closest they come to an energetic back and forth. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1981 Peter Hutt Ian Deakin Fiona Reid In Comedy Of Errorrs Theater 7X9 Photo at the best online prices at eBay! Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Below you can read Petruchios soliloquy at the end of Act 4 Scene 1. He also makes extensive use of irony, especially towards the end of the play (as may be seen in the final wager scene). All of this cultivates into a story about a woman who is changed from a man who she was wed with no choice. Helping students read and analyze Shakespeare can be a challenge. WebOther Literary Devices Used in The Taming of the Shrew Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of a starting sound in two or more words. A number of these words, such as those in the following list, may be unfamiliar to modern audiences. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You can view our. Zip. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. (91) $5.00. by. These quizzes and final test are print-and-go with answer keys that you can quickly use any time you need them.The quizzes for Acts 1-4 include multiple-choice, short answer, and quote identification that uses the No Fear version of the play.The Final Test includes 5 sections: character matching, a chronology of plot events, multiple-, A 14 page Scheme of Learning focussing on appropriation and comparing The Taming of the Shrew with the film Ten Things I Hate About You. I've seen kids treasure this handout for the entire unit, as it's a great go-to guide to remember who's-who! Biancas situation is different, though. his power over her. In conclusion, farcical elements in The Taming of the Shrew are exemplified through Shakespeares characters, plot, and Once she has reached her objective, to be married, the real person appears. I've included many drawings, paintings and photos from various productions so students can get a visual idea of the elements in the play. The Taming of the Shrew Choice Menu With 17 Engaging Activities! In 2020, its a directors job to twist the tone or take a stand. More mouse than shrew Melissa Riggall as Kate in The Taming of the Shrew. All of the materials used above shape a story of how a woman changes dramatically with the help of one man who she undoubted calls her husband without any choice of decision. WebTaming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare Teacher Resource 18 he is able to humiliate her. WebLes meilleures offres pour The Comedy of Errors: A Shakespeare Childrens Story (Shakespeare Childrens Stori sont sur eBay Comparez les prix et les spcificits des produits neufs et d 'occasion Pleins d 'articles en livraison gratuite! The reader gets a taste of these funny little bits as early as the first act and first scene, when Brakenbury starts, With this, my lord, myself have naught to. The characters in the play are all very well-drawn, and their interactions with each other are both humorous and insightful. The irony of seeing how traits were reversed while also experiencing a substantial shift in our perceptions of Kate and Bianca provides us with a feeling of amusement and self-righteousness regarding how the tides have turned. In this video, Mark Quartley shares some of the things he looks for to help him understand how a character is feeling in a monologue. Bianca is celebrated for her mild nature, however Hortensio is mocked for being scared of his wife. I have really enjoyed--over my past ten or so years teaching grades 5 through 7--putting on a Shakespearean play with my class. WebThe play begins with an Induction, which establishes a frame for the main plot. Chrome 110.0, so you may experience some difficulties using this website. endstream endobj 84 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(&4nic\)V5x#@so|@JFq )/P -1324/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(:IUTcX )/V 4>> endobj 85 0 obj <>/Metadata 14 0 R/Outlines 24 0 R/Pages 81 0 R/StructTreeRoot 28 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 86 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 81 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 87 0 obj <>stream Use as a summary, as exam prep, or for any readers who just need a helpful visual guide. Comedic devices help move the plot and develop character interactions in Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew. Provide examples of comedic devices being used to show the ways that comedy impacts the events of the play and the interactions between the characters. Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare Unit Bundle, Taming of the Shrew Background Info - Shakespeare - Power Point. Web8.03 ANALYZING PERSONAL STYLE COMEDIC SITUATIONS As you complete the reading of The Taming of the Shrew, reflect on how comedic situations impact the plot development. The story follows the love story of Katherine and Petruchio, and their struggle to overcome Kates sharp tongue. The Taming of the Shrew is most definitely a "Comedy" a generic category that has a few basic rules and operating principles: a light and humorous tone; clever language and witty banter; deception, disguises, and cases of mistaken identity; young love that must overcome some kind of struggle; family drama; lots of twists and turns; and multiple plots that come together in the end which always involves the reunification of the family and/or a marriage. Free shipping for many products! ), Frets, call you these? that the man beneath the attire is not the same as the attire itself. Her mistaken identification fades away, and she becomes more obsequious and agreeable, true self. Its here that Shakespeare creates humor with the notion that things arent always what they appear. . Mindy Killgrove. However, upon closer examination, it becomes clear that Petruchio actually has a deep affection for Kate and only wants whats best for her. When the characters switch roles, theres scarcely any change in physique or voice. %PDF-1.6 % WebStart studying Taming of the shrew: Comedic devices. Can you find other examples of this? Shakespeare used the rich vocabulary of his day within his plays and also made up words when it The reactions of the people who have been insulted within the play and how they respond helps the reader understand the insult and how it is funny. Petruchio There is no shrew to tame in this feeble production of Shakespeares problematic comedy. WebThe Taming of the Shrew Watch Online Streaming 123Movie. WebBy Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine. WebAlthough inductions were not uncommon in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century dramas, The Taming of the Shrew is the only play in which Shakespeare features this particular framing device. 3. WebThe Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare Study Guide No Fear Translation Infographic PLUS Literary Devices Themes Quotes Literary Devices Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. The two continue to spar with words and wit. The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare: Complete Study Unit: Editable! In the play, The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, there is a recurring theme of people hiding their real identity. Ask yourself: Using Paapas strategies weve started to look at what the language Petruchio uses in this soliloquy tells us about him at this moment in Act 4 Scene 1. The best Shakespeare should make us feel that the lines could have been written this morning. However, the speech is directed to the widow in the scene, who is rich and effectively keeps her husband so there could be some irony in Katherina suggesting that her husband is her sovereign. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! NOT a simple, low-level "assessment" of plot, this test features curriculum-anchored questions to author's style, characterization, figurative language, inferences, plot, and themes. There is a lack of coherence to the play as a whole, no doubt a result of the ensembles decision to go into rehearsals without assigned roles; intentions are murky The Taming of the Shrew watch online free. This amazing unit has everything you need to teach Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. To speak to his wife, Petruchio uses a soliloquy in which he explains how he will dominate Kate: She didnt have any meat today, and she wont have any in the future; as with the meat, Ill discover some undeserved fault with the making of the bed. Editors of the Folger Shakespeare Library Editions. Katherine is frustrated by his absurd praise. Web8.03 ANALYZING PERSONAL STYLE COMEDIC SITUATIONS As you complete the reading of The Taming of the Shrew, reflect on how comedic situations impact the plot The are several comedic devices in this story: unexpected plot twists, witty language, disguises or costumes, young love with a This is written primarily for the 10th Grade though it could be easily adapted for another curriculum or age group. How many examples of clothing imagery can you find in the play and what do they reveal about the character who uses them? Shakespeares plays are driven by their characters and every choice thats made about words, structure and rhythm tells you something about the person, their relationships or their mood in that moment. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. Setting Tough-o-Meter Writing Style Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory Booker's Seven Basic Plots Analysis Plot Analysis Three Act Plot Analysis Allusions Back More Navigation Introduction Tone Setting Tough-o-Meter by. The kids have shown incredible enthusiasm and it has escalated, over the years, into becoming quite a big production.The first step, however, has been for me to take time (quite a lot of time!) Petruchio is brutal and violent in the language he uses towards Katherina. How does she speak to her father, Bianca and Petruchio in Acts 1 and 2? The 2013 all-female Globe Shrew, directed by Joe Murphy, is young, vibrant and very energetic. | For example, in the competition at the end, everyone assumes that Bianca is the person who is going to win. WebThe Taming of the Shrew belongs with Shakespeares early comedies, apparently composed in some haste in 1593 or early 1594 and acted soon thereafter. by H.T.E. Enjoy! Free trial is available to new customers only. WebThe Taming of the Shrew Analysis Advertisement - Guide continues below Tone Genre What's Up With the Title? Shakespeare mostly uses this device with the characters of Katherina, Bianca, Shakespeare uses insult comedy for the purpose of haha comedy to make the reader and the people who watch this play laugh. In connection with Petruchios wedding ceremony, there are several instances where things are not as they appear. Shakespeare gives characters soliloquies for lots of different reasons, but characters are usually open with the audience in these speeches. WebA lot of comedic devices have been used to build the hilarity and story of The Taming of the Shrew. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Also called a conceit, an extended metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences. Lucentio and Tranio's relationship as master and servant is an ideal of the Renaissance era according to "An Homily on the State of Matrimony." What do you notice about the words at the end of each verse line? This presentation discusses the major characters, themes, motifs, symbols and plot elements of the play. Wed love to have you back! The Taming of the Shrew is most definitely a "Comedy" a generic category that has a few basic rules and operating principles: a light and humorous tone; Comedy has also developed in a way that we now use sarcasm. WebThe Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare. Which conflicts have been resolved and which remain. Apart from this The Taming of the Shrew does seem to have many of the conventions that are required to make up a comedy. WebIn The Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare. Notice how often they are spoken about rather than to, and when they are on stage but silent. It was one of his earlier plays, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1594. The audience knows that Petruchios actions are not sincere, and yet the characters themselves do not, which creates a comic effect. WebThe Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare Unit Bundle by Education is Powerful 4.8 (73) $39.44 $27.61 Bundle Google Drive folder Helping students read and analyze Shakespeare can be a challenge. In this video, RSC actor Paapa Essiedu shares what he looks for in a soliloquy, that helps him understand how a character is feeling. WebRead "The Taming of the Shrew" by William Shakespeare available from Rakuten Kobo. to help convince Kate to recognize and comply with Petruchios wishes. The plot becomes developed when certain events with family drama, quick-witted language, and unexpected scenarios that take place to create plot twists that no one can foreshadow. This is likely because he wanted to make a point about how ridiculous the societal expectations surrounding marriage were (and still are). His method of training a falcon would be recognisable to Shakespeares audiences as falconry was a common sport. WebHere are three types of imagery that come up a lot in The Taming of The Shrew: Animal Imagery Katherina is described as wild and often animals are used to suggest her Nonetheless, the play is full of humor, and it is one of Shakespeares most famous plays for a reason. Video/Play Alignment Ch. My falcon now is sharp and passing empty; This abridged Taming of the Shrew is perfect for ELA, ESL, and Shakespeare camps. Out of nowhere Sly gets wild and drunk then falls asleep in a public area. Straight to your inbox. The use of comedic devices work to develop the plot in Taming of the Shrew as they tie together literary elements and help decode some of the confusion within the play; without comedic devices, the play would seem far too serious and not make sense to new Shakespearean readers. 1981 Lynn Griffin Actor Peter Hutt Star In Taming Of The Shrew Theater 7X9 Photo. to someone in such attire, but she knows she has no choice if she . What's Up With the Ending? Students analyze character motivations, actions, characteristics, and stereotypes of men and women, and how gender impacts the connotations of words used to describe men versus women.Project 1: Who is the real shrew? TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. The first one of many used in this story was unexpected plot twist. The Taming of the Shrew Feb 02 2023 The Tempest Jun 01 2020 Romeo and Juliet Sep 24 2019 Presents the original text of Shakespeare's play side by side with a modern version, discusses the author and the theatre of his time, and provides quizzes and other study activities. The comedic literacy device used here is disguised identity. The Yale Shakespeare: The taming of the shrew, ed. She becomes quarrelsome and apathetic. This battle of the sexes shows no boundaries between the rich and poor, young or old, man or women. Privacy | %%EOF Below you can explore Katherinas speech at the end of Act 5 Scene 1. His taming techniques also involve torture and there are several references to Kate's death throughout the play.What are we to make of all this? It was one of his earlier plays, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1594. Comedic devices do work to develop the plot in The Taming of the Shrew. Petruchio plans to use extreme methods to tame Katherina. At the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, London, until 18 April. even with Petruchio dressed like a clown, and thus yields to his Stress less. 102 0 obj <>/Encrypt 84 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<27D09209DC339041A4040884323BE073>]/Index[83 34]/Info 82 0 R/Length 96/Prev 155715/Root 85 0 R/Size 117/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Katherina questions the behaviours and attitudes of other women. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. This is how you can murder your wife with kindness If someone knows better how to handle a shrew and not let him speak, its not this guy There soliloquy serves to underscore that things are seldom what they seem. It was one of his earlier plays, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1594. 212481) Full-gorged: fully fed, no longer hungry. It is also worth noting that Shakespeare uses humor extensively throughout The Taming of the Shrew. She belittles his attempts to combat her wit by sarcastically praising him. The Taming of the Shrew lesson plan contains a variety of teaching materials that cater to all learning styles. The Yale Shakespeare: The Examine the different ways in which Shakespeare presents the attitude towards marriage in the play, The Taming of the Shrew., A comedic story can be summed up as one thing; a hero who triumphs over evil and wins the day. The play begins with a framing device in which a drunkard is deceived into thinking he is a nobleman who then watches the 'play' itself, which depicts a nobleman They both argue he Sign up to our emails and be the first to know about new releases, special offers and more. Dont have an account? By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. When a character has a monologue where other characters are on stage, they may have reasons not to be completely open in what they say. Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, LondonFlat insults, bland puns and painful verse let down this staging of Shakespeares problematic play, which charges ahead without a trace of satire. This bundle includes the following: - 1 introductory slideshow explaining characters, themes, and symbols- 5 guided reading slideshows, explaining the play as students read in class- suggested homework, This resource will includes the full bundle for teaching Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew! Unequal Treatment of Women in Shakespeares Macbeth and The Taming of the Shrew. The characters are engaging, the story is compelling, and the humor is truly timeless. One is a distraction from the story itself, leading audiences to forget that a scene is serious by adding a joke or some funny occurrence, or distracting audiences from a main plot point in. This is not the only use of humor in this play it is also used by Cyrano to hide his insecurities. here is no shrew to tame in this feeble production of Shakespeares problematic comedy. the role of a dutiful wife, she remains, essentially, Kate. WebThe Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare Study Guide No Fear Translation Infographic PLUS Literary Devices Themes Quotes Literary Devices Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. This production makes his words as dry as flaking skin, and somewhat less entertaining to pick at. Katherine Minola (Kate) is off the wall, and kinda crazy. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. By the same token, when Kate plays Royal Shakespeare Company. $D4x3ukLYL((jIA07f6.OSFamT {sAwZDcM:j,yS!>ZH%/fZmKcCDghw{6;+x2z| [iWvku7`` =9R{76@,ih znFai4z`/0=G*fME]dRi-U^r6ifan/@J/o|zY}h9,A6^6bprLMjfhB^WaH_mZP0GI[%wr7R a"D~RRi\ j\^|b~Nc`,C}j}~GO^>d H^`e0)/7:8h(GF4b X Tfzao7Vm C4sPr6>ZF2`_x0Fi#$ h]y,7[l*5^yg?HH]xc:^54jw. Help us by taking a short survey it will only take a few minutes and will help us make the Shakespeare Learning Zone even better for everyone. Petruchio sees marriage like the ruling of a country and demands complete obedience. :ec242YPz6Z3%{'83(Lh5o+{AT#j`_0v`ow>j5jlRniucJfc#Qjt.sU&KPHwML>{KIz*st@Ol$Z4f5 c#>JKhtx;6J?wMY lt|$r5;E-#JO{3^kh:rQ_w4HAN]ylC]1ZA"^\.Th}>;9w!FMgZ7=.p]+VUq4X.>FUyuZ\vjtSM\q.RVlyD7,CQ1S:&+Ke^xnO&C4 >QmW.i[(k_ X 3.T_KLHnA~!d@dF8c+H7 ]Xd['X7|FU;HQ KUMj)TKoAZ^&Y-!q^z_,Eu>=/=E4{"Gz_2`Igh*k6/K,- hM^mYVH)8gqE7u. This activity is a pre-reading strategy. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% WebIn the Taming of the Shrew Shakespeare creates humour in at least three different ways. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? WebKatherine strikes Petruchio and he threatens to "cuff" her if she does so again. To help you look at any scene in The Taming of The Shrew and begin to analyse it, its important to ask questions about how it's written and why. See if you can complete the grid below and finish the four points which explain what this speech reveals about her character at this point in the play. What do you think this might tells us about how Petruchio is feeling? I personally have used these with the traditional and the No Fear Version of the play. Exploring Gender Roles in Shakespeares Macbeth Do you think this community is in a state of order or disorder? Are there images which complement each other or others that juxtapose? The play begins with a framing device, often referred to Books, books & more books. Look at the punctuation. WebThe Taming of the Shrew BookCaps Study Guides The Taming of the Shrew is one of the most famous and controversial of Shakespeare's comedies. Deals are agreed on according to wealth and status, and Baptista uses Bianca as a bargaining chip to ensure a good deal for his eldest daughter. WebComedic devices have helped develop the plot and comedy of The Taming of the Shrew. Shakespeare writes that Petruchios abuse leads to Kates admission of womens inferiority and their duty to obey men. WebThe Comedy of Errors Mar 30 2020 State Theatre Company Programs. It makes a great study guide for students. $24.99 116 0 obj <>stream Critics have pointed out, too, that Shakespeare borrows some from the Italian tradition of Commedia dell'arte, a style of improvisational theater involving stock characters (like the Pantaloon, a ridiculous old man trying to get with a much younger woman think of Gremio) and ridiculous slap-stick humor (like the time Grumio and Petruchio's miscommunication about knocking on Hortensio's door results in Grumio getting beat down by Petruchio). In this speech, Katherina is speaking to her sister Bianca, who has recently married Lucentio, and the new wife of Hortensio. $17.99 + $4.99 shipping. Pun. What do you consider to be the most successful stage effect and language techniques used to create dramatic tension in Act 2, Scene 2? Are any of these repeated words open to interpretation? Some filters moved to Formats filters, which is at the top of the page. WebThe Taming of the Shrew BookCaps Study Guides The Taming of the Shrew is one of the most famous and controversial of Shakespeare's comedies. SparkNotes PLUS The one attempting to tame Kate, the shrew, is Petruchio. WebWhen Shakespeare wrote the comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, he satirically featured Petruchios use of domestic violence (whether physical or emotional), power of language, and materialistic mindset to create a social commentary about marriage in the early modern era that can be readily compared to the changes in marital roles over time. Want 100 or more? Unfortunately, payments are no longer supported by Mastercard in your web browser for a group? Kate and Petruchios animal language shows a wild nature in both of them. It was one of his earlier plays, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1594. In A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Taming of the Shrew, the main character achieves their goal with few hardships. There he }'y.D}@!t$G[{a/UGm}V{kwb%%VH fP ^\mgWe:Xw|Y0Q.hy6>TTMqNOTP:T_TX!c[=S#[3 "qIy0g`m JO`tplnb3q%emVEj-P NT`|(XWBB2-PyLj}z;eZ-W31.0,dT%${kDqkBY~t#b=rp=h^4p2i O The ancient Greek playwrights had a similar view on comedic tales: in order for something to be a comedy, the main character must reach a positive outcome. In a seemingly desperate bid to inject some energy on stage they occasionally, inexplicably break into song, with musicians plucking away in a corner like the last boy at a house party who wont put down the acoustic guitar. In Shakespeare's comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare has a woman as one of the story's main characters. WebThe Taming of the Shrew Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton sparkle and amuse as Katharina and Petruchio in this adaptation of William Shakespeare's comic look at male chauvinism and women's lib in 16th century Padua.
Petruchio is a poverty-stricken gentleman from Verona who journeys to Padua in search of a wealthy wife.